Tests have found that bioactive glasses doped with the metal have a 99 per cent success rate of eliminating cancerous cells and can even regenerate diseased bones.
The research was conducted by a team of scientists at Aston University, led by Richard Martin, based in the College of Engineering and Physical Sciences.
In laboratory tests, 99 per cent of osteosarcoma (bone cancer) cells were killed without destroying non-cancerous normal human bone cells. The researchers also incubated the bioactive glasses in a simulated body fluid and after seven days they detected the early stages of bone formation.
Gallium is highly toxic, and the researchers found that the ‘greedy’ cancer cells soak it up and self-kill, which prevented the healthy cells from being affected. Their research paper ‘Multifunctional Gallium doped bioactive glasses: a targeted delivery for antineoplastic agents and tissue repair against osteosarcoma’ has been published in the Biomedical Materials journal.
Osteosarcoma is the most commonly occurring primary bone cancer, and despite the use of chemotherapy and surgery to remove tumours survival rates have not improved much since the 1970s. Survival rates are dramatically reduced for patients who have a recurrence and primary bone cancer patients are more susceptible to bone fractures.
Despite extensive research on different types of bioactive glass or ceramics for bone tissue engineering, there is limited research on targeted and controlled release of anti-cancer agents to treat bone cancers.
Richard said, “There is an urgent need for improved treatment options and our experiments show significant potential for use in bone cancer applications as part of a multimodal treatment.
“We believe that our findings could lead to a treatment that is more effective and localised, reducing side effects, and can even regenerate diseased bones.
“When we observed the glasses, we could see the formation of a layer of amorphous calcium phosphate/ hydroxy apatite layer on the surface of the bioactive glass particulates, which indicates bone growth.”
The lab created the material by rapidly cooling very high-temperature molten liquids (1450o C) to form glass. The glasses were then ground and sieved into tiny particles which can then be used for treatment.
In previous research the team achieved a 50 per cent success rate but this was not enough to be a potential treatment. The team hopes to attract more research funding to conduct trials using gallium.
Lucas Souza, research laboratory manager for the Dubrowsky Regenerative Medicine Laboratory at the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, also worked on the research. He added, “The safety and effectiveness of these biomaterials will need to be tested further, but the initial results are really promising.
“Treatments for a bone cancer diagnosis remain very limited and there’s still much we don’t understand. Research like this is vital to support in the development of new drugs and new methodologies for treatment options.”