At-home health tests, such as those for detecting pregnancy, have been around since the 1970s. But, the Covid-19 pandemic introduced an even wider audience to the concept and took it to a whole new level. Researchers at the University of Cincinnati have created a device that can diagnose gingivitis. Its lateral flow assay picks up on the presence of the specific bacteria in saliva that causes the disease.
As you know, the mouth is colonised by 200 to 300 bacterial species, but only a limited number of them lead to dental decay or periodontal disease. Some of the most common include:
- Streptococcus mutans: This bacterium is primarily responsible for tooth decay and cavities by producing acid that erodes tooth enamel.
- Porphyromonas gingivalis: This bacterium is associated with the development of periodontal disease, causing gum inflammation and potential tooth loss.
- Prevotella intermedia: This bacterium is involved in periodontal disease, known to produce toxins that can damage gum tissue.
- Fusobacterium nucleatum: This bacterium is frequently found in dental plaque and is associated with gingival disease.
- Actinomyces naeslundii: These bacteria typically colonise tooth surfaces and contribute to the formation of dental plaque.
- Veillonella parvula: A common inhabitant of the mouth, this metabolises lactic acid produced by other bacteria, potentially contributing to dental decay.
Bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola are anaerobic and produce toxins that cause inflammation of the gums when they multiply. They can infiltrate the areas around the gum line, eventually leading to a breaking down of the connective tissue and bone surrounding the teeth. Given that bacteria collect throughout the mouth, especially on the teeth and gums, every time food or drink is consumed (other than water), diet can play a significant role in helping to prevent and manage gingival disease. Indeed, a diet rich in vitamins and minerals is essential for healthy gingiva.
Vitamin C, for example, strengthens gums and prevents periodontal diseases by boosting collagen production. Foods such as citrus fruits, strawberries, and leafy greens are great sources of vitamin C. Another crucial nutrient is vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium and promote bone density. Fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and egg yolks are excellent sources of vitamin D.
Indeed, one study has shown that a diet low in carbohydrates and rich in Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins C and D, and fibre can significantly reduce periodontal inflammation.
Sweet spot
In addition, maintaining a low sugar intake is crucial for preventing gingival disease. Sugary foods and beverages can contribute to the growth of harmful bacteria in the mouth, leading to plaque build-up and gum inflammation. Instead, patients should be encouraged to opt for a diet rich in whole grains, lean proteins, and plenty of fruits and vegetables.
Staying hydrated is key for maintaining healthy gums, too. Drinking plenty of water throughout the day helps wash away food particles and bacteria that can contribute to gingival disease.
Fluoride is a powerful tool in the fight against gum disease. When applied to teeth, it binds with the enamel, making it more resistant to the acid produced by bacteria. Fluoride’s anti-plaque properties help reduce gingival bleeding.
Therefore, regular use of fluoride toothpaste, mouth rinses, and professional fluoride treatments can significantly reduce the chances of gingivitis. Good oral hygiene can prevent the mouth from collecting too much bacteria, which can live in crevices on the tongue, the back of the throat, and parts of the inner cheek. Daily brushing, interdental cleaning, and rinsing are key to controlling harmful bacteria.
Interdental cleaning helps remove plaque and food particles that can get stuck between the teeth and along the gumline, areas that brushing alone may not reach. When plaque is not effectively removed, it can harden into calculus, which can further irritate the gums and provide a breeding ground for bacteria.
By incorporating daily interdental cleaning into their oral care routine, patients can significantly reduce their risk of developing gingival disease. And they need to be regularly reminded of the fact. In a recent survey, one in three (33 per cent) adults have never flossed or cleaned interdentally. You can recommend the range of interdental brushes from Curaprox, which boast super-fine, extra-long, ultra-resilient filaments for gentle and effective cleaning with a single-brush action. They are suitable for use with natural teeth, dental implants, crowns, bridges and for post-surgery cleaning.
The oral microbiome is highly complex, and maintaining the balance of these bacteria plays a crucial role in oral health. By adopting a good oral hygiene regimen, eating more of the right things, staying hydrated and using fluoride toothpaste, patients can keep the bad bacteria at bay and minimise their risk of gum disease.
References available on request.